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Brazilian Journal of Clinical Medicine and Review

Health Review

Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): January/December - 2025

Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability: Where are We Now and What Challenges Lay Ahead?

DOI
https://doi.org/10.52600/2965-0968.bjcmr.2025.3.1.bjcmr30
Submitted
December 6, 2024
Published
2025-04-01

Abstract

The coexistence of Intellectual Disability (ID) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) presents a complex clinical scenario that requires comprehensive and personalized interventions. This article explores the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of ID and ASD, highlighting the shared genetic and synaptic pathways that contribute to both conditions. The discussion also covers the prevalence of comorbidities such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, and gastrointestinal issues, which exacerbate the challenges in diagnosis and treatment. A multidisciplinary approach, combining behavioral, educational, and pharmacological interventions, is essential for addressing the unique needs of individuals with ID and ASD. Future directions point to the use of advanced neuroimaging, artificial intelligence, and personalized therapies based on genetic markers, which promise to revolutionize treatment strategies. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early intervention and lifelong support to improve functional outcomes and quality of life. The need for ongoing research, policy development, and family involvement is underscored as critical factors in optimizing care and inclusion for this population.

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